上句见：Day326
The Story of Philosophy《哲学的故事》第1章Plato第6节VI. The Psychological Problem第5段第3句：

Now just as effective individual action implies that desire, though warmed with emotion, is guided by knowledge; so in the perfect state the industrial forces would produce but they would not rule; the military forces would protect but they would not rule; the forces of knowledge and science and philosophy would be nourished and protected, and they would rule. Unguided by knowledge, the people are a multitude without order, like desires in disarray: the people need the guidance of philosophers as desires need the enlightenment of knowledge. "Ruin comes when the trader whose heart is lifted up by wealth, becomes ruler"(434); or when the general uses his army to establish a military dictatorship. The producer is at his best in the economic field, the warrior is at his best in battle; they are both at their worst in public office; and in their crude hands politics submerges statesmanship. For statesmanship is a science and an art; one must have lived for it and been long prepared. Only a philosopher-king is fit to guide a nation. "Until philosophers are kings, or the kings and princes of this world have the spirit and power of philosophy, and wisdom and political leadership meet in the same man, … cities will never cease from ill, not the human race"(473).
浙江大学译本：“商人之心因财富而变得浮躁，假若他们成了统治者，那么，毁灭即将到来”（第434节）；同样，假若将军利用手中的军队建立了独裁政权，那么毁灭也将不远了。

解析

1、"Ruin comes when the trader whose heart is lifted up by wealth, becomes ruler"(434);
“当被财富冲昏头脑商人成了统治者，祸乱就来了”
lift up: fill with high spirits; fill with optimism
Sometimes we're let down, but more often we're lifted up.有时我们会失望， 但更多的是兴致勃勃。《奥巴马每周电视讲话》
2、or when the general uses his army to establish a military dictatorship.
或者当将军用他的军队建立一个军事独裁国家。
dictatorship: a government or country in which total power is held by a dictator or a small group独裁政府
In a recent interview, the Pope described Mr. Ortega's regime as a brutal dictatorship.在最近的一次采访中，教皇将奥尔特加的政权描述为残暴的独裁。《BBC听力》

这句用了假设法，如果商人（欲望）或军人（激情）获得统治权，国家就离毁灭不远。前半句是引用柏拉图的话，又半句是仿的。

“当被财富冲昏头脑商人成了统治者，祸乱就来了”，同样当将军利用他的军队建立一个军事独裁国家时，也是如此。