C++ 与 Python 使用归并排序对数组进行排序的全新方法

归并排序是一种基于“分而治之”技术的排序算法。它是最有效的排序算法之一。

在本文中，您将了解归并排序算法的工作原理、归并排序算法、它的时间和空间复杂度，以及它在 C++、Python 和 JavaScript 等各种编程语言中的实现。

归并排序(Merge Sort)算法如何工作？

归并排序的工作原理是分而治之。合并排序重复地将一个数组分解为两个相等的子数组，直到每个子数组包含一个元素。最后，合并所有这些子数组，以便对结果数组进行排序。

借助示例可以更有效地解释这个概念。考虑具有以下元素的未排序数组：{16, 12, 15, 13, 19, 17, 11, 18}。

在这里，归并排序算法将数组分成两半，为这两半调用自身，然后将排序后的两半合并。

归并排序算法

下面是归并排序的算法：

MergeSort(arr[], leftIndex, rightIndex)
if leftIndex >= rightIndex
     return
else
     Find the middle index that divides the array into two halves:  
             middleIndex = leftIndex + (rightIndex-leftIndex)/2
     Call mergeSort() for the first half:   
             Call mergeSort(arr, leftIndex, middleIndex)
     Call mergeSort() for the second half:
             Call mergeSort(arr, middleIndex+1, rightIndex)
     Merge the two halves sorted in step 2 and 3:
             Call merge(arr, leftIndex, middleIndex, rightIndex)

归并排序算法的时空复杂度

归并排序算法可以表示为以下递推关系的形式：

T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(n)

使用主定理或递归树方法求解此递归关系后，您将得到 O(n logn) 的解。因此，归并排序算法的时间复杂度为O(n logn)。

合并排序的最佳情况时间复杂度： O(n logn)

归并排序的平均时间复杂度： O(n logn)

归并排序的最坏情况时间复杂度： O(n logn)

归并排序算法的辅助空间复杂度为O(n)，因为在归并排序实现中需要n 个 辅助空间。

归并排序算法的 C++ 实现

下面是归并排序算法的 C++ 实现：

// C++ implementation of the
// merge sort algorithm
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// This function merges two subarrays of arr[]
// Left subarray: arr[leftIndex..middleIndex]
// Right subarray: arr[middleIndex+1..rightIndex]
void merge(int arr[], int leftIndex, int middleIndex, int rightIndex)
{
 int leftSubarraySize = middleIndex - leftIndex + 1;
 int rightSubarraySize = rightIndex - middleIndex;
// Create temporary arrays
 int L[leftSubarraySize], R[rightSubarraySize];
// Copying data to temporary arrays L[] and R[]
 for (int i = 0; i < leftSubarraySize; i++)
 L[i] = arr[leftIndex + i];
 for (int j = 0; j < rightSubarraySize; j++)
 R[j] = arr[middleIndex + 1 + j];
// Merge the temporary arrays back into arr[leftIndex..rightIndex]
// Initial index of Left subarray
 int i = 0;
// Initial index of Right subarray
 int j = 0;
// Initial index of merged subarray
 int k = leftIndex;
while (i < leftSubarraySize && j < rightSubarraySize)
 {
 if (L[i] <= R[j])
 {
 arr[k] = L[i];
 i++;
 }
 else
 {
 arr[k] = R[j];
 j++;
 }
 k++;
 }
// If there're some remaining elements in L[]
// Copy to arr[]
 while (i < leftSubarraySize)
 {
 arr[k] = L[i];
 i++;
 k++;
 }
// If there're some remaining elements in R[]
// Copy to arr[]
 while (j < rightSubarraySize)
 {
 arr[k] = R[j];
 j++;
 k++;
 }
}
void mergeSort(int arr[], int leftIndex, int rightIndex)
{
 if(leftIndex >= rightIndex)
 {
 return;
 }
 int middleIndex = leftIndex + (rightIndex - leftIndex)/2;
 mergeSort(arr, leftIndex, middleIndex);
 mergeSort(arr, middleIndex+1, rightIndex);
 merge(arr, leftIndex, middleIndex, rightIndex);
}

// Function to print the elements
// of the array
void printArray(int arr[], int size)
{
 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
 {
 cout << arr[i] << " ";
 }
 cout << endl;
}
// Driver code
int main()
{
 int arr[] = { 16, 12, 15, 13, 19, 17, 11, 18 };
 int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
cout << "Unsorted array:" << endl;
 printArray(arr, size);
mergeSort(arr, 0, size - 1);
cout << "Sorted array:" << endl;
 printArray(arr, size);
return 0;
}

输出：

Unsorted array:
16 12 15 13 19 17 11 18 
Sorted array:
11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19

归并排序算法的 JavaScript 实现

下面是合并排序算法的 JavaScript 实现：

// JavaScript implementation of the
// merge sort algorithm
// This function merges two subarrays of arr[]
// Left subarray: arr[leftIndex..middleIndex]
// Right subarray: arr[middleIndex+1..rightIndex]
function merge(arr, leftIndex, middleIndex, rightIndex) {
 let leftSubarraySize = middleIndex - leftIndex + 1;
 let rightSubarraySize = rightIndex - middleIndex;
// Create temporary arrays
 var L = new Array(leftSubarraySize);
 var R = new Array(rightSubarraySize);
// Copying data to temporary arrays L[] and R[]
 for(let i = 0; i<leftSubarraySize; i++) {
 L[i] = arr[leftIndex + i];
 }
 for (let j = 0; j<rightSubarraySize; j++) {
 R[j] = arr[middleIndex + 1 + j];
 }
// Merge the temporary arrays back into arr[leftIndex..rightIndex]
// Initial index of Left subarray
 var i = 0;
// Initial index of Right subarray
 var j = 0;
// Initial index of merged subarray
 var k = leftIndex;
while (i < leftSubarraySize && j < rightSubarraySize)
 {
 if (L[i] <= R[j])
 {
 arr[k] = L[i];
 i++;
 }
 else
 {
 arr[k] = R[j];
 j++;
 }
 k++;
 }
// If there're some remaining elements in L[]
// Copy to arr[]
 while (i < leftSubarraySize)
 {
 arr[k] = L[i];
 i++;
 k++;
 }
// If there're some remaining elements in R[]
// Copy to arr[]
 while (j < rightSubarraySize)
 {
 arr[k] = R[j];
 j++;
 k++;
 }
}
function mergeSort(arr, leftIndex, rightIndex) {
 if(leftIndex >= rightIndex) {
 return
 }
 var middleIndex = leftIndex + parseInt((rightIndex - leftIndex)/2);
 mergeSort(arr, leftIndex, middleIndex);
 mergeSort(arr, middleIndex+1, rightIndex);
 merge(arr, leftIndex, middleIndex, rightIndex);
}
// Function to print the elements
// of the array
function printArray(arr, size) {
 for(let i = 0; i<size; i++) {
 document.write(arr[i] + " ");
 }
 document.write("<br>");
}
// Driver code:
var arr = [ 16, 12, 15, 13, 19, 17, 11, 18 ];
var size = arr.length;
document.write("Unsorted array:<br>");
printArray(arr, size);
mergeSort(arr, 0, size - 1);
document.write("Sorted array:<br>");
printArray(arr, size);

输出：

Unsorted array:
16 12 15 13 19 17 11 18
Sorted array:
11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19

归并排序算法的 Python 实现

下面是归并排序算法的 Python 实现：

# Python implementation of the
# merge sort algorithm
def mergeSort(arr):
    if len(arr) > 1:
        # Finding the middle index of the array
        middleIndex = len(arr)//2
        # Left half of the array
        L = arr[:middleIndex]
        # Right half of the array
        R = arr[middleIndex:]
        # Sorting the first half of the array
        mergeSort(L)
        # Sorting the second half of the array
        mergeSort(R)
        # Initial index of Left subarray
        i = 0
        # Initial index of Right subarray
        j = 0
        # Initial index of merged subarray
        k = 0
        # Copy data to temp arrays L[] and R[]
        while i < len(L) and j < len(R):
            if L[i] < R[j]:
                arr[k] = L[i]
                i = i + 1
            else:
                arr[k] = R[j]
                j = j + 1
            k = k + 1
        # Checking if there're some remaining elements
        while i < len(L):
            arr[k] = L[i]
            i = i + 1
            k = k + 1
        while j < len(R):
            arr[k] = R[j]
            j = j + 1
            k = k + 1
# Function to print the elements
# of the array
def printArray(arr, size):
    for i in range(size):
        print(arr[i], end=" ")
    print()

# Driver code
arr = [ 16, 12, 15, 13, 19, 17, 11, 18 ]
size = len(arr)
print("Unsorted array:")
printArray(arr, size)
mergeSort(arr)
print("Sorted array:")
printArray(arr, size)

输出：

Unsorted array:
16 12 15 13 19 17 11 18
Sorted array:
11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19

了解其他排序算法

排序是编程中最常用的算法之一。您可以使用各种排序算法（如快速排序、冒泡排序、归并排序、插入排序等）对不同编程语言中的元素进行排序。

如果您想了解最简单的排序算法，冒泡排序是最佳选择。

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